Once people have been exposed through doxing, they may be targeted for harassment through methods such as harassment in-person, fake signups for mail and pizza deliveries, or through swatting (dispatching armed police to their house through spoofed tips).

In the doxware cryptovirology attack, the attacker or malware steals the victim's data and threatens to publish it unless a fee is paid. In a ransomware attack (originally called cryptoviral extortion), the malware encrypts the victim's data and demands payment to provide the needed decryption key. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus. The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. The attack is summarized in the book Malicious Cryptography as follows: The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed 'non-zero-sum games and survivable malware'. It was first presented at West Point in 2003. One of the first documented doxing events was the publication of a 'Blacklist of Net.Nazis and Sandlot Bullies' which listed names, email addresses, phone numbers, and mailing addresses of individuals the author objected to.Дoxware is a cryptovirology attack invented by Adam Young and further developed with Moti Yung that carries out doxing extortion via malware. Initial efforts around doxing were largely related to internet discussion forums on Usenet. Д¬onsequently, doxing often comes with a negative connotation because it can be a vehicle for revenge via the violation of privacy. Hackers operating outside the law in that era used the breach of an opponent's anonymity as a means to expose opponents to harassment or legal repercussions. The term dox derives from the slang 'dropping dox,' which, according to Wired writer Mat Honan, was 'an old-school revenge tactic that emerged from hacker culture in 1990s'. Essentially, doxing is revealing and publicizing the records of an individual, which were previously private or difficult to obtain. It comes from a spelling alteration of the abbreviation 'docs' (for 'documents') and refers to 'compiling and releasing a dossier of personal information on someone'. ' Doxing' is a neologism that has evolved over its brief history. Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity

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